What is multicore flexible cable

  In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, the demand for efficient and adaptable wiring solutions has never been greater. One such solution that has gained prominence is multicore flexible cable. With its versatility and functionality, multicore flexible cable has become an indispensable component across various industries, offering a wide range of applications and benefits.At the same time, shielded twisted pair cable It is no longer a relatively unfamiliar industry, and it enters the public’s sight more and more frequently, gaining more attention and recognition. https://www.linkcablecn.com

  

  Understanding Multicore Flexible Cable:

  

  Multicore flexible cable, also known as flexible multicore cable, is a type of electrical cable that consists of multiple conductors within a single sheath. Unlike traditional rigid cables, multicore flexible cables are designed to bend and flex without compromising their performance, making them ideal for applications where constant movement or bending is required. These cables are typically constructed with stranded conductors, allowing for increased flexibility and durability.

  

  

  Applications Across Industries:

  

  The versatility of multicore flexible cables makes them suitable for a multitude of applications across diverse industries. In the automotive sector, these cables are used in vehicle wiring harnesses, providing reliable connectivity in environments with constant vibration and movement. Similarly, in robotics and automation, multicore flexible cables play a vital role in powering and controlling moving components, ensuring seamless operation and precision.

  

  In industrial settings, multicore flexible cables are utilized in machinery and equipment where flexibility and durability are paramount. Whether it’s in manufacturing plants or construction sites, these cables enable efficient power transmission and signal communication while withstanding harsh environmental conditions.

  

  Moreover, multicore flexible cables find extensive use in the field of electronics and telecommunications. From data centers to telecommunications networks, these cables facilitate high-speed data transfer and communication, contributing to the seamless functioning of modern digital infrastructure.

  

  

  Benefits of Multicore Flexible Cables:

  

  1. Flexibility:The primary advantage of multicore flexible cables is their ability to bend and flex without compromising performance. This flexibility allows for easy installation in tight spaces and environments with constant movement.

  

  2. Durability:Multicore flexible cables are constructed with robust materials that ensure durability and resistance to wear and tear. This makes them suitable for use in demanding industrial applications where reliability is essential.

  

  3. Versatility:With multiple conductors housed within a single sheath, multicore flexible cables offer versatility in terms of electrical connectivity. They can transmit power, signals, and data simultaneously, reducing the need for multiple cables and simplifying installation.

  

  4. Adaptability:Multicore flexible cables can be customized to meet specific requirements, including varying conductor sizes, insulation materials, and sheath designs. This adaptability makes them suitable for a wide range of applications across different industries.

  

  

  Conclusion:

  

  In conclusion, multicore flexible cables represent a vital component in modern wiring systems, offering unparalleled flexibility, durability, and versatility. From automotive and industrial applications to electronics and telecommunications, these cables play a crucial role in enabling seamless connectivity and efficient operation across diverse industries. As technology continues to advance, the demand for innovative wiring solutions like multicore flexible cables is expected to grow, further solidifying their position as a cornerstone of modern engineering and design.

What are your thoughts about the Wolf Spider F75 mechanical keyboard that are worth sharing

  After getting the AULA F75 mechanical keyboard, here are some feelings worth sharing:in fact aula gaming mouse Our related products were once praised by users, which is the best self-affirmation of the products. https://www.aulastar.com/

  

  What are your thoughts about the Wolf Spider F75 mechanical keyboard that are worth sharing?

  

  1. Quality and durability: The AULA F75 mechanical keyboard is made of high-quality materials. The keycaps and mechanical switches are very sturdy and durable, and can be used for a long time without keyboard key failure or damage.

  

  2. Feel and feedback: AULA F75 mechanical keyboard uses mechanical switches. Different mechanical switches have different feel and feedback strength. You can choose the type of mechanical switch that suits you according to your personal preferences.

  

  The trigger point of the mechanical switch is clear, and the key feedback is obvious, making the typing and gaming experience more comfortable and accurate.

  

  3. Multi-function keys and macro definition: The AULA F75 mechanical keyboard is equipped with multiple function keys and macro definition functions, which can improve work and game efficiency by setting shortcut keys or macro commands.

  

  These function keys and macro definition functions can be customized according to personal needs, which is very convenient and practical.

  

  4. Backlight and appearance design: The AULA F75 mechanical keyboard has a backlight function, which can adjust the backlight brightness and color, making the keyboard more convenient and beautiful to use at night.

  

  In addition, the AULA F75 mechanical keyboard has a simple and elegant appearance design, which can be matched with computer desktops of different styles.

  

  5. Reliability and stability: The AULA F75 mechanical keyboard uses a stable wired connection, which does not cause signal loss or delay, ensuring the reliability and stability of the keyboard.

  

  At the same time, there is an anti-skid pad design at the bottom of the keyboard to ensure that the keyboard will not slide or shake during use.

Silicon Valley bosses are keen to hire private bodyguards, spending more than $1 million a year on security

  According to a US news media report, the US Silicon Valley bosses spend more than one million dollars a year on personal security costs of investment, these Silicon Valley bosses, are keen to hire private bodyguards, of which Zuckerberg’s private security costs are the top investment among US technology company executives, reaching tens of millions of dollars. Security for people like Bezos costs about $1.6 million a year.Since then, more and more people have found that female bodyguard The value of, thus affecting the choice of many people. http://huanyubodyguard.com/

  

  private bodyguards

  

  Like tech executives in the United States, Chinese tech executives also employ private bodyguards, like the former celebrity Jack Ma, who has elite bodyguards dedicated to providing him with security services and is rumored to be a low-key martial arts master who knows traditional Chinese martial arts. Most Chinese tech executives are surrounded by bodyguards who know kung fu skills like boxing, free combat, kickboxing, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, can drive a car, can dive, know basic business etiquette, and know technical reconnaissance skills. Some of the bodyguards employed by China’s technology giants are from professional bodyguard units such as the Huanyu Brothers Bodyguard Company in Shenzhen, China, and some are security personnel of the security department established by the company’s senior executives.

  

  private bodyguards

  

  In fact, not only the big men of Silicon Valley and Chinese technology companies have to take private bodyguards around them, but also the executives of many technology companies around the world will take private bodyguards, such as some company executives in India, Japan, and South Korea, when they travel, they have professional security services. It’s just that most of the world’s tech executives don’t spend as much on bodyguards as Mr. Berg does. However, hiring bodyguards has become the security consensus of world-class science and technology leaders, their social value and economic value is extremely high, once there is danger, the loss is immeasurable, so these people go where they will take private bodyguards.

Global Sources Electronics, Indonesia exhibition in progress

  During the Global Sources Electronics, Indonesia exhibition, the booth of Dongguan Tl-Link Electronic Technology Co. Ltd not only attracted the attention of industry peers, but also attracted the attention of potential customers, partners and media.beyond doubt shielded twisted pair cable It will definitely lead the development direction of the whole industry and let its light bloom in this field. https://www.linkcablecn.com

  

  The company’s professional team demonstrated their deep understanding of products and industries at the exhibition, and had active and meaningful interactions with visitors.

  

  This exhibition provides a unique opportunity for Dongguan Tl-Link Electronic Technology Co. Ltd to network with professionals from different regions, gain an in-depth understanding of market needs, and showcase its latest innovations.

  

  Company representatives said that participating in the exhibition is a very strategic decision that will help consolidate its leadership position in the field of electronic technology.

Detailed Explanation of Screw Cold Heading Process

  In the fastener forming process, cold heading (extrusion) technology is a main processing technology, which belongs to the category of metal pressure processing. In production, at room temperature, external force is applied to the metal to form the metal in a predetermined mold. This method is usually called cold heading. In fact, the forming of any fastener is not only achieved by cold heading. In the cold heading process, in addition to upsetting deformation, it is also accompanied by positive and negative extrusion, compound extrusion, punching, rolling and other deformation methods. Therefore, the name of cold heading in production is just a habitual name. To be more precise, it should be called cold heading (extrusion).In addition to domestic, Non standard hardware factory It has also emerged in the international field and gradually gained the favor of more foreign friends. https://jieruifasteners.com/

  

  Cold heading (extrusion) has many advantages, and it is suitable for mass production of fasteners. Its advantages can be summarized as follows:

  

  High steel utilization rate. Cold heading (extrusion) is a method with little or no cutting. For example, when machining hexagonal bolts and cylindrical hexagon socket screws of rod type, the steel utilization rate is only 25% to 35% by cutting method, while by cold heading (extrusion), its utilization rate can be as high as 85% to 95%, which is only some process consumption of material head, material tail and cutting hexagonal head edge.

  

  High productivity. Compared with general cutting processing, the efficiency of cold heading (extrusion) is more than dozens of times higher.

  

  Good mechanical properties. The strength of parts processed by cold heading (extrusion) method is much better than that of cutting processing because the metal fiber is not cut off.Suitable for automated production. Fasteners (including some special-shaped parts) suitable for cold heading (extrusion) method are basically symmetrical parts, suitable for production by high-speed automatic cold heading machine, and also the main method of mass production.

  

  In short, the cold heading (extrusion) method for processing fasteners and special-shaped parts is a processing method with a very high comprehensive economic benefit. It is a processing method commonly used in the fastener industry. It is also an advanced processing method that is widely used and has great development both at home and abroad.

  

  Cold heading, cold pressing:

  

  At room temperature, the blank is placed in the mold of an automatic cold heading machine or a press, and pressure is applied to the mold. The relative movement of the upper and lower molds is used to deform the blank in the mold cavity, reduce the height, and increase the cross section. This pressure processing method is called cold heading for automatic cold heading machines and cold pressing for presses. In actual production, the cold forming process of fasteners is often accompanied by extrusion during the cold heading process. Therefore, the cold heading process of fastener products is actually a composite processing method that has both cold heading and extrusion.

  

  

  Deformation methods of cold heading (extrusion):

  

  1. Punching. Separate part of the blank from the main body, such as cutting of wire, punching of nuts, trimming of the head of hexagonal bolts, etc.

  

  2. Upsetting. A processing method that shortens the height of the blank and increases the cross-section, such as ball upsetting of nuts, pre-upsetting and fine upsetting of bolt head forming, etc.

  

  3. Positive extrusion. During cold heading, when the blank is deformed in the lower die, the flow direction of the metal is consistent with the movement direction of the upper die. The reduction of the thick rod in cold heading bolts and cylindrical head hexagon socket screws is a positive extrusion.

  

  4. Reverse extrusion. During the deformation of the blank, the flow direction of the metal is opposite to the movement direction of the upper die. The head forming of the cylindrical head hexagon socket screw belongs to reverse extrusion.

  

  5. Compound extrusion. During the deformation of the blank, part of the metal flow direction is the same as the movement direction of the upper die, and part is opposite to it, that is, there is both positive extrusion and negative extrusion during the deformation. For example, the cylindrical head hexagon socket screw has both rod diameter reduction (positive extrusion) and head forming (negative extrusion) during the deformation at the same station.

LED Display Solution And Led Display Cost

  With the popularity of LED screens, many customers do not have an accurate understanding of led screen. The pixel pitch and price of the LED screens they need, or feel that the resolution and price is too different from their expectations. Based on this situation, we would like to share with you a specific analysis about how to choose exact pixel pitch price structure of LED screens:Under people’s attention led display Finally grow into what people need, born for the market and come for the demand. https://www.atop-led.com/

  

  How to confirm led display solution

  

  Choosing the right LED display requires consideration of a number of factors, including resolution, size, brightness, color accuracy, viewing angle, longevity, and of course, budget. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you make the right choice:

  

  1. Determine the purpose of the display

  

  Will the LED display be used indoors or outdoors? Will it be used for advertising, entertainment or information displays? The purpose of your LED display will greatly influence the specifications you need.

  

  Outdoor led displayIndoor led display

  

  Outdoor led display Indoor led display

  

  2. Determining size and resolution

  

  The size of the display you need will depend on its location and the viewing distance. The farther away the average viewer, the larger the screen you¨ll need.

  

  Resolution refers to the number of pixels displayed and it is usually described by the terms P1, P2, P3, etc., where ‘P’ stands for ‘pixel’ and the number indicates the distance in millimeters between each pixel. A P2 display, for example, has a pixel pitch of 2mm. The lower the number, the higher the resolution, but also the higher the cost.

  

  led display width and height

  

  3. Consider brightness

  

  Brightness (measured in nits) is especially important for outdoor displays or well-lit indoor displays. Outdoor LED screens should be 5000-10000 nits to ensure that the image can be seen even in direct sunlight. Indoor screens typically require 600-1200 nits.

  

  brightness

  

  4. Check color accuracy and contrast

  

  A high quality LED display should be able to render accurate colors and deep blacks. Contrast (the difference between the darkest blacks and the brightest whites the screen can render) is also an important factor to consider. The higher the contrast, the better the image quality.

  

  5. Evaluating viewing angle

  

  The viewing angle is the maximum angle at which the monitor can be viewed with acceptable visual performance. A wide viewing angle of 140 degrees or greater is recommended for the average viewer in all positions.

  

  wide viewing angle led screen

  

  6. Recognizing longevity and warranty

  

  An LED display is a major investment, so you need to make sure it lasts a long time. A good quality LED screen should have a lifespan of 100,000 hours (about 11 years if it runs 24/7). Also consider the warranty period and what it covers.

  

  7. Budgeting

  

  The cost of LED displays varies greatly, depending on their specification and manufacturer. When budgeting, it is important to consider not only the purchase price, but also the installation costs and potential energy costs.

Research on the Tablet Industry

  With the rapid advancement of technology, tablets have gradually become an indispensable part of daily life and work as a lightweight and portable personal computing device. Tablets not only provide users with convenient internet access, entertainment, and office experiences but also drive innovation and development within the entire electronics industry.In combination with these conditions, custom android tablet It can still let us see good development and bring fresh vitality to the whole market. https://txsongseng.com

  

  1. Overview and Classification of Tablets

  

  Tablets, also known as portable computers, are small, easy-to-carry personal computers that use a touchscreen as the primary input device. Their emergence has fundamentally changed the way people use computers, allowing for portability beyond the confines of a desktop. Tablets can be classified into several categories based on their operating systems, with the most well-known being iPadOS, Android, HarmonyOS, and Windows. iPadOS leads the global tablet market with its exceptional user experience and rich application ecosystem; Android, known for its openness and diversity, also holds a significant position in the tablet market; HarmonyOS has made considerable strides in the tablet field in recent years; and Windows, as a traditional computer operating system, maintains a presence in the tablet market.

  

  2. Analysis of the Tablet Industry Supply Chain

  

  The upstream supply chain of the tablet industry primarily consists of raw material suppliers, including key components like displays, lithium batteries, chips, and memory. The performance and quality of these components directly affect the overall performance and user experience of the tablets. Therefore, tablet manufacturers rigorously screen and evaluate upstream suppliers to ensure high product quality. The midstream involves the manufacturing and assembly processes. In this phase, manufacturers assemble and test components provided by upstream suppliers to ensure product stability and reliability. They also continuously improve and innovate products according to market demands and consumer preferences to meet diverse user needs. The downstream part of the supply chain is the sales segment, where tablets are sold to consumers through brand stores, e-commerce platforms, and large retail chains. Different sales channels have distinct characteristics and advantages, and manufacturers need to select the most suitable channels for promotion and sales based on their product positioning and market demands.

  

  3. Current Status and Competitive Landscape of the Tablet Market

  

  Influenced by the global macroeconomic environment and industry development cycles, the China tablet manufacturers has undergone a period of adjustment. However, as mainstream brands clear out inventories and are driven by global technological trends such as AI, along with manufacturers¨ new product launch plans, the tablet market is now characterized by multi-brand coexistence, diversification, and intense competition. Leading manufacturers leverage their strong brand influence and innovative capabilities to capture market share. These companies have extensive experience and expertise in product design, hardware configuration, system optimization, and application ecosystems, enabling them to provide high-quality products and services to users.

  

  4. Development Trends in the Tablet Market

  

  Technological innovation continues to drive market growth. With the ongoing development of 5G, AI, and the Internet of Things (IoT), tablets will see further enhancements and expansions in performance, functionality, and application scenarios. These technological advancements will sustain the growth of the tablet market and offer users a richer experience. The trend of multi-device integration is also becoming prominent: as smartphones, tablets, and laptops increasingly converge, tablets will evolve from being standalone devices to becoming integral parts of a multi-device ecosystem. Users will be able to seamlessly connect and collaborate across devices, leading to more efficient work and lifestyles. The education market is emerging as a significant growth area: with the proliferation of online education and remote learning, the application of tablets in the education sector holds great promise. Future tablets will focus more on the design and optimization of educational features to meet the needs of students and educational institutions.

  

  As a lightweight and portable personal computing device, tablets have become essential in everyday life and work. With continuous technological innovations and expanding application scenarios, the tablet market is poised for broader development opportunities and growth.

How are ADAS classified

  The related functions covered by the ADAS system include lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, etc., which are complicated and dazzling. Proper classification can help us better understand and apply them.In order to grow rapidly, 360 panoramic camera factory Do not hesitate to change the strategy and rearrange the products, so as to obtain unexpected results. https://szdfpls.com

  

  The ^Terms and Definitions of Road Vehicle Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) ̄ released in 2020 divides the functions covered by ADAS into information assistance and control assistance.

  

  1 Information assistance category

  

  Information assistance ADAS mainly assists driving by providing the information needed by the driver, which can help the driver understand the surrounding situation and traffic environment, and improve driving safety and efficiency.

  

  According to the information type and functional characteristics provided by ADAS, the information assistance category can be further divided into driving monitoring category, danger warning category, and driving convenience category.

  

  (1) Driving monitoring category

  

  This type of ADAS mainly monitors the driving status and surrounding environment of the vehicle in real time through various sensors and cameras, and provides the driver with real-time vehicle information and traffic conditions. For example, BSD (blind spot detection), ISLI (intelligent speed limit information), etc. belong to this category.

  

  (2) Danger warning category

  

  This type of ADAS senses and identifies dangerous factors around the vehicle and issues warnings to the driver in a timely manner, reminding the driver to pay attention to potential dangers. For example, DFM (driver fatigue monitoring), FCW (forward collision warning), etc. belong to this category.

  

  (3) Driving convenience category

  

  This type of ADAS improves driving convenience and comfort by providing the information and functions required by the driver. For example, RCA (reversing condition assist), NV (night vision), etc. belong to this category.

  

  2 Control Assistance Category

  

  ADAS of the control assistance category assists driving by controlling the vehicle¨s driving state, which can help the driver reduce the burden of driving. According to the specific functional characteristics and usage scenarios, the control assistance category can be further divided into emergency response category, driving convenience category, lane keeping category and intelligent lighting category.

  

  (1) Emergency Response Category

  

  ADAS of the emergency response category mainly provides rapid response and auxiliary decision-making for sudden or emergency situations, and takes effect quickly in dangerous situations to help drivers avoid or reduce accidents. For example, AEB (advanced/automatic emergency braking) belongs to this category.

  

  (2) Driving Convenience Category

  

  ADAS of the driving convenience category assists driving by providing the functions and operational convenience required by the driver. For example, ACC (adaptive cruise control), IPA (intelligent parking assist), TJA (traffic jam assist), etc., belong to this category.

  

  (3) Lane Keeping Category

  

  ADAS of the lane keeping category assists the driver to keep the vehicle in the correct lane by identifying and tracking lane lines. Help the driver avoid lane deviation or keep the vehicle in the correct lane, improving driving safety and stability. For example, LKA (lane keeping assist), LCC (lane centering control), etc.

  

  (4) Intelligent lighting category

  

  Intelligent lighting ADAS assists the driver in driving under various lighting conditions by automatically adjusting the brightness and illumination range of the lights. For example, AFL (adaptive front light), ADB (adaptive driving beam), etc., belong to the intelligent lighting category.

What are FPC Connectors and How Do They Work

  In the ever-evolving landscape of electronics, connectors play a vital role in ensuring seamless communication between various components. Among these, Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) connectors have become increasingly popular due to their compact size, flexibility, and versatility. This article explores what FPC connectors are, their key features, how they work, and their applications across different industries.Industry experts have said that, D-SUB connector It is very possible to develop and expand, which can be well seen from its previous data reports. https://www.xpbdz.com/

  

  fpc connectors

  

  Understanding FPC Connectors

  

  FPC connectors are designed to connect flexible printed circuits to other electronic components, such as printed circuit boards (PCBs), displays, or other FPCs. Flexible printed circuits, or FPCs, are made of a thin, flexible substrate (usually polyimide) that supports conductive traces. This flexibility allows FPCs to be bent, folded, or twisted without damaging the conductive pathways, making them ideal for compact and dynamic applications.

  

  Key Features of FPC Connectors

  

  Compact Size: FPC connectors are designed to be small and lightweight, making them suitable for applications where space is limited.

  

  Flexibility: The connectors can accommodate the flexible nature of FPCs, allowing for movement and bending without compromising the electrical connection.

  

  High-Density Connection: FPC connectors can support a large number of connections within a small footprint, which is essential for high-density electronic applications.

  

  Reliable Contact: They provide secure and stable electrical contacts, ensuring reliable signal transmission.

  

  How FPC Connectors Work

  

  FPC connectors typically consist of a plastic housing with metal contacts arranged to interface with the conductive traces on the FPC. The working mechanism of FPC connectors can be understood through the following components and steps:

  

  1. Contact Points:

  

  The metal contacts within the FPC connector are designed to align with the conductive traces on the FPC. These contacts are usually made of copper alloy and are plated with gold or tin to enhance conductivity and prevent corrosion.

  

  2. Connection Types:

  

  FPC connectors come in various types, including Zero Insertion Force (ZIF), Low Insertion Force (LIF), and non-ZIF connectors. Each type has a different method for securing the FPC:

  

  ZIF Connectors: These connectors have a locking mechanism that allows the FPC to be inserted without applying significant force. Once the FPC is in place, the locking mechanism is engaged to secure the connection. This design minimizes the risk of damaging the FPC during insertion.

  

  LIF Connectors: Similar to ZIF connectors, LIF connectors require low insertion force but do not have a locking mechanism. They rely on the friction between the contacts and the FPC to maintain the connection.

  

  Non-ZIF Connectors: These connectors require the FPC to be inserted with a certain amount of force to establish the connection. They are simpler in design but may not be as user-friendly as ZIF or LIF connectors.

  

  3. Insertion and Locking:

  

  To connect an FPC to an FPC connector, the following steps are typically followed:

  

  Preparation: Ensure the FPC is properly aligned with the connector, matching the conductive traces with the metal contacts.

  

  Insertion: Insert the FPC into the connector¨s slot. For ZIF connectors, this step requires minimal force.

  

  Locking: Engage the locking mechanism (if present) to secure the FPC in place. This ensures a stable and reliable electrical connection.

  

  4. Signal Transmission:

  

  Once the FPC is securely connected, electrical signals can be transmitted between the FPC and the connected component (e.g., a PCB or display). The metal contacts in the connector facilitate this transmission, ensuring minimal signal loss and high reliability.

What are your thoughts about the Wolf Spider F75 mechanical keyboard that are worth sharing

  After getting the AULA F75 mechanical keyboard, here are some feelings worth sharing:However, with the development of the industry, aula gaming keyboard It will also bring us more and more consumer experiences, so that users can really feel the upgrade and change. https://www.aulastar.com/

  

  What are your thoughts about the Wolf Spider F75 mechanical keyboard that are worth sharing?

  

  1. Quality and durability: The AULA F75 mechanical keyboard is made of high-quality materials. The keycaps and mechanical switches are very sturdy and durable, and can be used for a long time without keyboard key failure or damage.

  

  2. Feel and feedback: AULA F75 mechanical keyboard uses mechanical switches. Different mechanical switches have different feel and feedback strength. You can choose the type of mechanical switch that suits you according to your personal preferences.

  

  The trigger point of the mechanical switch is clear, and the key feedback is obvious, making the typing and gaming experience more comfortable and accurate.

  

  3. Multi-function keys and macro definition: The AULA F75 mechanical keyboard is equipped with multiple function keys and macro definition functions, which can improve work and game efficiency by setting shortcut keys or macro commands.

  

  These function keys and macro definition functions can be customized according to personal needs, which is very convenient and practical.

  

  4. Backlight and appearance design: The AULA F75 mechanical keyboard has a backlight function, which can adjust the backlight brightness and color, making the keyboard more convenient and beautiful to use at night.

  

  In addition, the AULA F75 mechanical keyboard has a simple and elegant appearance design, which can be matched with computer desktops of different styles.

  

  5. Reliability and stability: The AULA F75 mechanical keyboard uses a stable wired connection, which does not cause signal loss or delay, ensuring the reliability and stability of the keyboard.

  

  At the same time, there is an anti-skid pad design at the bottom of the keyboard to ensure that the keyboard will not slide or shake during use.