Focus on glycolysis, aerobic oxidation of sugar, pentose phosphate bypass, gluconeogenesis, synthesis of ketone bodies, cholesterol and phospholipids, respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation, special amino acid metabolites, one carbon unit metabolism, purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis raw materials and catabolites, and substance metabolism.It is reported that, small molecules The data performance is getting better and better, which is of great reference value and is likely to become the vane of the industry. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

　　The chapter on sugar metabolism is the focus of the exam, so we should master it comprehensively. The chemical reaction formula of sugar metabolism is complicated, and the focus of the annual examination is basically on the reaction site, key enzymes and regulation, energy production and the relationship between important substances. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and aerobic oxidation of sugar are all contents that must be familiar with. The synthesis of ketone bodies and cholesterol in lipid metabolism, pay attention to the difference between them. Ketones are synthesized in the liver and utilized outside the liver, while fats are synthesized in the liver and stored outside the liver. Fat synthesis, ketone body synthesis and cholesterol synthesis are the raw materials of acetyl-CoA synthesis. Synthesis and decomposition of fatty acid, the main material of fatty acid synthesis is acetyl CoA; Under the condition of sufficient oxygen supply, fatty acid is decomposed into CO2 and water in the body, releasing a lot of energy, which is the main form of fatty acid catabolism in the body. Phospholipid synthesis. Differentiation of several blood lipids.

　　Composition of respiratory chain and influencing factors of oxidative phosphorylation. Urea synthesis-ornithine cycle. One carbon unit’s metabolism is often tested, but it is easy to remember as long as you grasp the core content. It comes from one carbon unit-Sisegan, and is transported by one carbon unit-tetrahydrofolate. One carbon unit plays an important role in nucleic acid biosynthesis as a raw material for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, connecting amino acids and nucleotides. Comparison of nucleotide synthesis and decomposition between purine and pyrimidine. The changes in this year’s syllabus are: the deamination of amino acids (oxidative deamination, transamination and combined deamination) is changed to the general metabolism of amino acids (degradation of protein in vivo, oxidative deamination, transamination and combined deamination), which should be reviewed.

　　Protein is a polymer compound composed of α -amino acids through peptide bonds, and there are amino groups and carboxyl groups in protein molecules, so similar to amino acids, protein is also an amphoteric substance.pass Antibody Discovery As can be seen from its market performance, it has strong vitality and strong appeal. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

　　(1) Hydrolysis reaction

　　Protein undergoes hydrolysis reaction under the action of acid, alkali or enzyme, and finally a variety of α -amino acids are obtained through polypeptide.

　　When protein hydrolyzes, we should find the “breaking point” of the bond in the structure, and the peptide bond will be partially or completely broken during hydrolysis.

　　(2) Colloidal properties

　　Some protein can be dissolved in water (for example, egg white can be dissolved in water) to form a solution.

　　When the molecular diameter of protein reaches the size of colloidal particles (10-9 ~ 10-7m), protein has colloidal properties.

　　(3) precipitation

　　Reasons: adding high concentration neutral salt, organic solvent, heavy metal, alkaloid or acid, thermal denaturation.

　　A small amount of salt (such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, etc.) can promote the dissolution of protein. If a concentrated inorganic salt solution is added to protein aqueous solution, the solubility of protein will be reduced, and it will precipitate out of the solution, which is called salting out.

　　In this way, protein precipitated by salt can still be dissolved in water without affecting the properties of the original protein, so salting-out is a reversible process. Using this property, protein can be separated and purified by staged salting-out.

　　(4) degeneration

　　Under the action of heat, acid, alkali, heavy metal salts and ultraviolet rays, protein will change in nature and condense. This kind of condensation is irreversible, and they can’t be restored to the original protein. This change in protein is called transsexuality. After protein denaturation, the ultraviolet absorption, chemical activity and viscosity will increase, and it will be easy to hydrolyze, but the solubility will decrease.

　　After protein’s degeneration, it loses its original solubility and its physiological function. Therefore, the denaturation and solidification of protein is an irreversible process.

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　　1. Ski socks

　　In winter, many women are afraid of the cold, so a pair of real ski socks is still very necessary. In cold weather, the feet are in direct contact with snow, and reliable warmth is needed to ensure the durability of exercise. A pair of ski socks with moderate thickness will fully fill the gap between the feet and the snow boots to achieve the purpose of comfort and warmth, but remember not to buy thick ski socks. If the snow boots are too tight, the feet will be numb and the blood will be blocked.

　　2, warm and sweat-wicking clothes

　　A truly warm and sweat-wicking ski suit is necessary. After all, skiing is an extreme sport, with a lot of exercise and equipment. All needs are based on lightness, thinness and warmth. Forget the ordinary jersey and long pants. If the budget is limited, you can also have ultra-thin thermal underwear. Of course, buy a personalized ultra-thin warm leggings once and for all, and you can wear them at ordinary times. There is no need to go to the ski shop to spend more money. Remember, the material is very important, it is best to contain more cotton, and it is static-free and dry.

　　3. Grab cashmere pants

　　Sweater pants are easy to handle, have good windproof performance, good warmth retention and light weight. Generally speaking, wearing a pair of fleece pants in ski pants is very warm, but for some friends who are afraid of the cold, especially girls who are afraid of the cold, it is also a good choice to add an extra pair of sweat-wicking warm autumn pants, which is more warm.

　　Organic chemistry is an important branch of studying carbon compounds, involving the source, structure, properties and other aspects of organic matter, and providing revelation for the material basis of life phenomena. It plays a key role in medicine, industrial production and other fields, but it still faces challenges such as green synthesis and drug molecular selectivity. Organic chemists are constantly exploring new reaction mechanisms and synthetic methods to promote the development of the discipline.in other words inhibitors It is possible to develop in a good direction, and there are still many places worth looking forward to in the future. https://www.all-chemistry.com/

　　Generated by the author through intelligent technology

　　In the vast universe of science, organic chemistry is like a bright star, leading us to explore the mystery of life. As a subject of studying carbon compounds, organic chemistry, with its unique charm, closely links all fields of natural science and reveals the material basis of life phenomena for us. Organic chemistry, an important branch of chemistry, is a subject that studies the source, structure, properties, separation, preparation, application and related theories of organic matter. “Organic matter” here refers to compounds containing carbon elements, such as alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, etc. It is worth noting that although organic matter mainly comes from organisms, with the development of science and technology, people have been able to synthesize many artificial organic compounds with biological activity, such as drugs, dyes, plastics and so on.

　　The main research contents of organic chemistry include: synthetic chemistry of organic matter; Metal organic chemistry and elemental organic chemistry; Physical and theoretical organic chemistry; Stereochemistry; Bioorganic chemistry; Natural product chemistry; Chemistry of organic materials.

　　The importance of organic chemistry:

　　1. Basis of life: From the origin of life to the growth and development of organisms, carbon always plays a vital role. Through the study of organic chemistry, we know the structure and function of biological macromolecules such as protein, nucleic acid, sugar and lipid, which are the material basis of life.

　　2. Key in the field of medicine: Many drugs and bioactive substances are organic compounds, such as antibiotics, antiviral drugs and hormones. By studying the structure and function of these substances, scientists are constantly discovering new treatments to protect human health.

　　3. The core of industrial production: Organic chemistry plays an important role in industrial production. For example, in the process of petroleum refining, heavy hydrocarbons in petroleum can be converted into light hydrocarbons by the action of catalysts; In the process of plastic synthesis, organic chemical reactions provide a steady stream of power for the plastic industry. Although organic chemistry has made remarkable achievements in many fields, it still faces many challenges.

　　First of all, in environmental protection, how to realize green synthesis and reduce the discharge of harmful waste is an urgent problem for organic chemists.

　　Secondly, in the field of medicine, how to improve the selectivity of drug molecules and reduce side effects is also a difficult problem to be solved urgently. Faced with these challenges, organic chemists are constantly exploring new reaction mechanisms, catalysts and synthetic methods. I believe that in the near future, organic chemistry will bring us more surprises and inject new vitality into the development of human society. Organic chemistry, as a discipline to study the molecular cornerstone of life, plays an important role in natural science. Let’s walk into this wonderful world hand in hand, grow in exploration, break through in innovation, and jointly write a bright future of organic chemistry.

　　Protein is a substance with a certain spatial structure, which is formed by the zigzag folding of polypeptide chains composed of amino acids in the form of dehydration and condensation. However, natural protein molecules are not random loose polypeptide chains. Each natural protein has its own unique spatial structure or three-dimensional structure, which is usually called the conformation of protein, that is, the structure of protein. The sequence of amino acids in protein molecule and the three-dimensional structure formed from it constitute the diversity of protein structure.in fact Antibody Discovery Our related products were once praised by users, which is the best self-affirmation of the products. https://www.alphalifetech.com/

　　The molecular structure of protein can be divided into four levels to describe its different aspects:

　　Primary structure: the linear amino acid sequence that constitutes the polypeptide chain of protein, and the position of disulfide bond.

　　Secondary structure: In the local area of protein molecule, the polypeptide chain is coiled and folded along a certain direction.

　　Tertiary structure: The three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule formed by the arrangement of multiple secondary structural elements in three-dimensional space.

　　Quaternary structure: used to describe protein complex molecules with biological functions formed by the interaction between different polypeptide chains (subunits).

　　In addition to these structural levels, protein can be transformed in several similar structures to exercise its biological functions. For functional structural changes, these tertiary or quaternary structures are usually described by chemical conformations, and the corresponding structural transformations are called conformational changes.

　　In the cold winter, skiing is a very popular outdoor sport. Ski pants are one of the essential equipment in skiing. So, when you wear ski pants, do you need to wear pants inside? This question may vary from person to person, depending on personal preferences and needs.Without exception, black baggy snow pants Our customers are willing to purchase their products, because high quality is the concept of their products. https://ninetyroll.co/

　　Do you still need to wear pants under ski pants?

　　First of all, let’s know the characteristics of ski pants. Ski pants are mainly characterized by their waterproof, windproof and warm-keeping properties. Generally speaking, the outer layer of ski pants is made of waterproof material, which can prevent the infiltration of snow water and keep warm. The inner layer is usually made of warm-keeping materials such as fluff or wool to increase the warm-keeping effect. Therefore, the ski pants themselves have certain warm-keeping performance.

　　So, why would anyone wear pants under ski pants? There are several possible reasons. First of all, some people may think it is more warm. Especially in high-intensity skiing, the body will emit a lot of heat. If you wear a pair of pants under the ski pants, you can effectively stop the heat loss and keep your body warm. Secondly, for some people who have just started to learn skiing, wearing a pair of trousers can provide extra protection to prevent injuries when they fall. Finally, some people may think that wearing pants under ski pants can provide extra security for habit or psychological reasons.

　　Do you still need to wear pants under ski pants?

　　However, some people do not recommend wearing pants under ski pants. First of all, doing so may add extra weight and burden, which will affect the flexibility and comfort of skiing. Secondly, if you wear pants when you fall, it may cause friction between the skin and the snow, increasing the risk of injury. In addition, for some professional skiers, they may pay more attention to portability and flexibility, so wearing pants under ski pants may become a burden.

　　To sum up, whether it is necessary to wear pants under ski pants depends on personal needs and preferences. If you are a beginner in skiing or think it is necessary to increase warmth, it may be a good choice to wear pants under ski pants. But if you pay more attention to lightness and flexibility, or think that doing so may increase the risk of injury, then you may prefer not to wear pants under ski pants.

　　It should be noted that whether you choose to wear pants under ski pants or not, you should consider the warmth and comfort of the material when purchasing. At the same time, make sure that the pants you choose will not affect your normal sports and activities.

　　Do you still need to wear pants under ski pants?

　　In addition, if you choose to wear pants under ski pants, you should also pay attention to the following points:

　　1. Choose suitable materials: Try to choose lightweight and breathable materials to avoid adding extra weight and burden.

　　2. Pay attention to the right size: make sure that the pants you wear are not too tight or loose to avoid affecting comfort and flexibility.

　　3. Consider waterproof performance: If you plan to do activities in the snow for a long time, you should choose pants with waterproof performance to prevent snow water from penetrating and keep your body dry.

　　4. Keep safe: Although wearing pants under ski pants may increase some protection, you should still pay attention to keep safe and try to avoid unnecessary falls and collisions.

　　In a word, whether to wear pants under ski pants depends on personal preferences and needs. No matter what choice you make, you should consider the warmth and comfort of the material, and ensure that the equipment you choose will not affect your normal sports and activities.

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China-Singapore, Beijing, July 16 (Reporter Sun Zifa) Springer Nature’s professional academic journal “Nature Astronomy” recently published a planetary science paper saying that researchers have discovered a potentially accessible underground tunnel originating from an open pit on the moon. Evidence of tunnel. The results of this study have enhanced people’s understanding of lunar geology and may become an ideal location for a lunar base, thus potentially serving as a refuge in future manned missions on the lunar surface.

The paper said that more than 200 craters known as skylights have been discovered on the lunar surface, some of which were formed after the collapse of underground lava tubes. Accessible lava tubes or channels may provide a warmer environment than the lunar surface, but it has previously been uncertain whether they can lead to large underground caves.

In this study, co-authors of the paper, LC and LB of the University of Trento in Italy, and collaborators, analyzed radar data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and found that radar brightness on the west side of the crater increased. Jinghai Crater is the deepest known crater on the moon, with a radius of approximately 100 meters, with vertical or overhanging walls and a sloping bottom.

The authors of the paper used radar images to conduct simulations and found that these observations could be explained by the presence of a cave void or pipe spreading from the west side of the bottom of the pit. They estimate that the pipeline is located at a depth of 130-170 meters, 30-80 meters long and about 45 meters wide. The cave may be flat or inclined at an angle of up to 45 degrees and may be accessible.

The authors concluded that the pipes or channels discovered in this study may be a common feature under the lunar plains, and that the Jinghai Pit and its channels may be an ideal site for a potential lunar base. The method used in the study may also be suitable for evaluating and characterizing other lunar craters to discover more channels.

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According to a report by the Russian News Agency on March 21, Dutch Admiral Robbauer, chairman of the NATO Military Committee, who is visiting Ukraine, said that he is leading the first NATO military delegation to visit the country since the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Reported that Powell said in a speech at a security forum in Kiev that he was leading the first NATO military delegation to visit Ukraine since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

He said the reason for the visit was that NATO and Ukraine were getting closer than ever before.

Reports said that Russia had previously issued notes to NATO countries regarding their practice of providing weapons to Ukraine. Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov pointed out that any cargo containing weapons for Ukraine will become a legitimate target for Russian troops. The Russian Foreign Ministry said that NATO countries that provide weapons to Ukraine are playing with fire. Russian Presidential Press Secretary Peskov said that Western arms supplies will not help the success of Russia-Ukraine negotiations and will only have a negative impact.

According to a report by the German News TV channel on the 20th, Polish Foreign Minister Sikorski said that Western soldiers are open secrets in Ukraine. He said that as the German Chancellor said, there are already troops from a number of major powers in Ukraine. (Compiled by Liu Yang)

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Trump, who could not raise enough money, was furious and scolded all night!

On the 18th, a lawyer for former US President Donald Trump told the court that Trump did not have enough cash to appeal against a $45.4 billion fine. Media analysts believe that this may lead to Trump facing asset forfeiture.

Rumors of imminent bankruptcy followed on the Internet, dealing a humiliating blow to Trump’s carefully crafted image of a self-made business tycoon.

Related terms such as Trump’s bankruptcy have been on the top search list of social media platform X.

That night, Trump cursed all night on his social media platform TS, posting more than a dozen posts in a row.

Trump’s fury was triggered by a lawsuit he lost that exaggerated his assets. On Feb. 16, New York State Supreme Court Justice Arthur Ngoren ruled that the Trump family had been granted loans and tax breaks by exaggerating their net worth for years, a move suspected of fraud and sentenced to a fine of $45.4 billion.

It is reported that Trump is appealing the outcome of the trial, but if he wants to continue the appeal and prevent New York from enforcing the verdict, he will need to pay the deposit in full, which is due at the end of March.

Even if there is more money, it will be difficult to come up with more than $400 million at once, not to mention the chances that Trump does not have so much liquidity. The New York Times recently calculated that Trump has about $3.5 billion in cash on hand, while most of his wealth is related to real estate investments.

Trump reportedly said he had contacted about 30 guarantees through four different brokers and spent countless hours negotiating with one of the world’s largest insurances. However, potential guarantees seek to get Mr Trump to pay cash so that they do not consider using Mr Trump’s assets as collateral for margin.

To make matters worse, earlier this month, Trump paid a $91.6 million deposit in an appeal against the Carroll libel case.

Therefore, it is a bit difficult to spend more than US $400 million.

In response, Trump complained in a post on social media on the 18th that the amount of the deposit was unconstitutional, unAmerican, unprecedented, and almost impossible for anyone (including anyone as successful as me).

Trump posted a short composition on social media after 6: 00 a.m. on the 19th.

It is precisely because it is impossible that Trump seems to have insomnia, scolding the relevant sentences and judges and prosecutors all night. I will be forced to mortgage or sell important assets and may be able to sell them at a low price, and even if I win the appeal, they will cease to exist, Trump said in the post. Does it make sense? it’s witch hunting, interfering in elections!

Trump also raised the impact of the case to a level that affected the New York state economy, saying bluntly that New York companies would be scared to run away when they saw the case.

If you scold, the problem must be solved. Analysts believe that there are several options in front of Trump.

First, the time given by prosecutors is not yet up, so Mr Trump still has time to sell assets quickly or seek help from wealthy supporters.

In addition, his lawyer has appealed to a higher court for a deposit of about $100 million. At the same time, New York State prosecutors may, out of tolerance, give the former president more time to raise money.

As Trump’s last card, he can also ask the Trump Organization involved in the case to file for bankruptcy, which will automatically suspend the verdict against the entity. However, Trump is running for the US presidential election in 2024, a politically worrying choice, and he is likely to be reluctant to file for bankruptcy because of the trauma left by Trump’s bankruptcy filing in the 1990s.

To say the least, filing for bankruptcy is not a panacea. Legal experts say seeking court protection could raise a series of new problems, such as the risk of default on his loans after filing for bankruptcy, which could further spark lawsuits over whether Mr Trump is still liable to repay his debts. About a week ago, Trump locked in the Republican presidential nomination in the 2024 election, and there are still about eight months to go, during which time the campaign expenses are not small.

If none of these options happens and Mr Trump is unable to raise the money, Mr Trump’s assets may indeed be confiscated after March 25.

Article | Reporter’s coolness

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According to Agence France-Presse reported on March 19, Ukraine Foreign Minister Dmitry Kuleba said on the 19th that Ukraine was shocked by the continued obstruction of a key budget plan to help Kiev resist Russia in the U.S. Congress. The plan has been deadlocked for months.

Reported that he said at an online briefing to foreign media: What is really important and shocking to us is that the decision has not yet been adopted. It is approaching the end of March, but discussions continue.

However, Kuleba believes U.S. aid will eventually come. He pointed out: This is a question of confidence in the ability of the United States to support countries that follow the rules and principles that the United States defends around the world, far beyond the scope of Ukraine alone.

The foreign minister stressed that Ukraine does not rule out Trump’s idea of providing aid in the form of loans rather than grants, but needs to know more details.

The report mentioned that the day before, Republican Senator Lindsay Graham, one of Trump’s loyal supporters, visited Kiev. He supported the former US president’s proposal to provide assistance to Ukraine in the form of an interest-free loan.

Kuleba responded: We are not shocked to hear this suggestion from the United States. We really need to study the details.

Reported that the Biden administration has been calling for months for the passage of a new Kiev aid plan, including $60 billion in military and economic aid. The plan has been approved by the Democratic majority in the Senate, but is still blocked in Congress.

Passage of the plan depends on the goodwill of Trump’s supporters in the House. Trump supporters have refused to review the current plan due to differences over U.S. immigration management. (Compiled by Zhao Kexin)